Pregnancy Symptoms
Pregnancy Symptoms
Pregnancy brings a wide range of physical and emotional changes. Many symptoms are entirely normal, while others may warrant medical attention. This guide covers the most common symptoms by trimester, what causes them, and what may help.
First Trimester Symptoms (Weeks 1–12)
Nausea and vomiting (morning sickness)
Affects up to 80% of pregnant women. Caused by rising hCG and oestrogen levels. Despite the name, it can occur at any time of day. Usually peaks around weeks 8–10 and resolves by week 14 for most women.
What helps: Small, frequent meals; ginger; vitamin B6 (10–25mg up to three times daily); avoiding triggers. Severe vomiting (hyperemesis gravidarum) requires medical treatment.
Fatigue
Extreme tiredness in the first trimester is driven by rising progesterone, increased metabolic demands, and early cardiovascular changes. It typically improves in the second trimester.
What helps: Rest, iron (if deficient), B12, and gentle exercise.
Breast tenderness
One of the earliest pregnancy signs. Caused by rising oestrogen and progesterone preparing the breasts for milk production.
Frequent urination
The kidneys process more fluid during pregnancy, and the growing uterus puts pressure on the bladder. Common throughout pregnancy but particularly noticeable early on.
Mood changes
Hormonal fluctuations, fatigue, and the emotional weight of pregnancy can all affect mood. Anxiety is common in the first trimester, particularly around the risk of miscarriage.
Implantation bleeding and cramping
Light spotting and mild cramping around the time of implantation (6–12 days after conception) is normal. Any heavy bleeding should be assessed by a doctor.
Second Trimester Symptoms (Weeks 13–26)
Round ligament pain
Sharp or aching pain in the lower abdomen or groin caused by the ligaments supporting the uterus stretching as it grows. Common from around week 14.
Back pain
As the uterus grows, the centre of gravity shifts and posture changes, placing strain on the lower back. Magnesium and gentle exercise (swimming, yoga) can help.
Heartburn and indigestion
Progesterone relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter, allowing stomach acid to rise. Worsens as the uterus grows and pushes against the stomach.
What helps: Small meals, avoiding lying down after eating, elevating the head of the bed, and antacids (check with your midwife).
Nasal congestion
Increased blood volume and oestrogen cause the mucous membranes to swell. Pregnancy rhinitis affects up to 30% of women.
Skin changes
Linea nigra (dark line on the abdomen), chloasma (darkening of facial skin), and stretch marks may appear. Collagen peptides and vitamin C support skin elasticity.
Third Trimester Symptoms (Weeks 27–40)
Braxton Hicks contractions
Irregular, painless tightening of the uterus — the body's way of preparing for labour. Unlike true labour contractions, they do not increase in frequency or intensity.
Shortness of breath
The growing uterus pushes up against the diaphragm, reducing lung capacity. Usually resolves when the baby drops (engages) in the final weeks.
Swelling (oedema)
Fluid retention causes swelling in the feet, ankles, and hands. Normal in mild amounts; sudden or severe swelling (particularly with headache or visual changes) should be assessed urgently as it may indicate pre-eclampsia.
Pelvic girdle pain (PGP)
Pain in the pelvis, hips, and lower back caused by the hormone relaxin loosening the pelvic joints. Physiotherapy and a support belt can help.
Sleep difficulties
Physical discomfort, frequent urination, and anxiety about birth can all disrupt sleep. Magnesium glycinate and a pregnancy pillow may help.
Leg cramps
Common in the third trimester, particularly at night. Often linked to magnesium or calcium deficiency.
What helps: Magnesium supplementation, stretching before bed, staying hydrated.
Frequently asked questions
When should I be concerned about pregnancy symptoms?
Seek urgent medical attention for: heavy bleeding, severe abdominal pain, sudden swelling with headache or visual changes, reduced fetal movement after 28 weeks, or signs of preterm labour before 37 weeks.
Is it normal to have no symptoms in early pregnancy?
Yes — some women have very few symptoms, particularly in the first trimester. Absence of symptoms does not indicate a problem.