Pregnancy Conditions
Pregnancy Conditions
While most pregnancies progress without serious complications, certain conditions can arise that require medical attention and management. This guide provides evidence-based overviews of the most common pregnancy conditions — what they are, how they are diagnosed, and what the evidence says about management.
This information is for educational purposes only. Always consult your midwife, GP, or obstetrician for diagnosis and treatment.
Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
What is gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically in the second trimester. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased demands of pregnancy, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. It affects approximately 1 in 20 pregnancies in the UK.
Risk factors
- BMI over 30
- Previous gestational diabetes
- Family history of type 2 diabetes
- South Asian, Black, or Middle Eastern ethnicity
- Previous large baby (over 4.5kg)
Management
Most cases are managed with dietary changes (low-glycaemic diet, reduced refined carbohydrates), blood glucose monitoring, and exercise. Some women require metformin or insulin. GDM usually resolves after birth but increases the long-term risk of type 2 diabetes.
Nutritional support: Magnesium, inositol, and vitamin D have evidence supporting insulin sensitivity in GDM.
Pre-eclampsia
What is pre-eclampsia?
Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterised by high blood pressure and signs of organ damage (typically kidney involvement, indicated by protein in the urine). It affects approximately 2–8% of pregnancies and usually develops after 20 weeks.
Warning signs
- Sudden swelling of the face, hands, or feet
- Severe headache
- Visual disturbances (flashing lights, blurred vision)
- Pain below the ribs
- Nausea or vomiting in the second half of pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience these symptoms.
Prevention
Low-dose aspirin (75–150mg daily from 12 weeks) is recommended for women at high risk. Calcium supplementation (1g daily) has evidence for reducing risk in women with low dietary calcium intake. Vitamin D adequacy is also associated with reduced risk.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
The most common nutritional deficiency in pregnancy. Symptoms include extreme fatigue, breathlessness, pale skin, and heart palpitations. Diagnosed by blood test (ferritin and haemoglobin). Treated with iron supplementation — ferrous fumarate or ferrous sulfate are commonly prescribed; gentler forms (iron bisglycinate) are better tolerated.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG)
Severe, persistent nausea and vomiting that goes beyond typical morning sickness. Affects approximately 1–3% of pregnancies. Can cause dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances requiring hospitalisation. Treatment includes antiemetic medication, IV fluids, and in some cases nutritional support. B6 and ginger may provide mild relief in milder cases.
Placenta Praevia
A condition in which the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix. Diagnosed by ultrasound. Low-lying placenta detected at the 20-week scan often resolves as the uterus grows. Complete placenta praevia at term requires caesarean delivery. Painless vaginal bleeding in the second or third trimester is the key warning sign.
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP)
A liver condition causing intense itching, particularly on the palms and soles, without a rash. Caused by impaired bile flow. Associated with increased risk of stillbirth, so close monitoring and early delivery (usually at 37 weeks) is recommended. Diagnosed by blood test (bile acids and liver function tests).
Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy
Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can affect pregnancy outcomes. Untreated hypothyroidism is associated with miscarriage, preterm birth, and impaired fetal neurological development. Women with known thyroid conditions should have their levels monitored closely throughout pregnancy. Iodine and selenium are key nutrients for thyroid function.